The Influence of Oxidative Stress on Ion Homeostasis and Glycolysis Activation, with Implications for Neurological Health and Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, notably the neural cells, and one of the contributing factors to this is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the build-up of reactive oxygen species ROS that causes oxidative damage to the cells. Chronic and environmental stressors are explored as significant factors that exacerbate these conditions by disrupting cellular processes and energy metabolism. The paper reviews current literature on MS, examining the interplay between oxidative stress, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions. Additionally, it discusses how these factors contribute to MS, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the central nervous system (CNS), leading to inflammation and neuronal damage. It also considers potential therapeutic interventions that target these mechanisms, aiming to provide insights into innovative approaches for managing MS. Through a detailed analysis of cellular respiration, the research underlines the complex relationship between metabolism, oxidative stress, and the pathophysiology of MS, offering a comprehensive overview of current scientific understanding and future research directions.